1 Data Types

A data type defines a set of values. A reference to a data type specifies the set of values that can occur in a given context. A data type is associated with each value retrieved from a table or computed in an expression and each constant.

TimesTen follows the ODBC standard for type conversion. For more information, refer to ODBC API reference documentation, which is available from Microsoft or a variety of third parties. The following site contains Microsoft's ODBC API reference documentation:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms714562(VS.85).aspx

If you are using TimesTen Cache, see "Mappings between Oracle Database and TimesTen data types" in Oracle TimesTen Application-Tier Database Cache User's Guide. This section compares valid data types for creating cache group columns and type conversions for passthrough queries.

The following subjects describe data types in TimesTen:

Type specifications

TimesTen supports the data types in Table 1-1 in the default Oracle type mode. Type mode is a data store attribute, where TypeMode=0 indicates Oracle type mode and TypeMode=1 indicates TimesTen mode. For more information on data type modes, see "TimesTen type mode (backward compatibility)". Also see "TypeMode" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference.

Table 1-1 Data types supported in Oracle type mode

Data type Description

BINARY(n)

Fixed-length binary value of n bytes

Legal values for n range from 1 to 8300. BINARY data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing zeroes. Alternatively, specify TT_BINARY(n).

For more details, see "BINARY and VARBINARY data types".

BINARY_DOUBLE

A 64-bit floating-point number

BINARY_DOUBLE is a double-precision native floating point number that supports +Inf, -Inf, and NaN values. BINARY_DOUBLE is an approximate numeric value consisting of an exponent and mantissa. You can use exponential or E-notation. BINARY_DOUBLE has binary precision 53.

Minimum positive finite value: 2.22507485850720E-308

Maximum positive finite value: 1.79769313486231E+308

For more details, see "BINARY_DOUBLE".

BINARY_FLOAT

A 32-bit floating-point number

BINARY_FLOAT is a single-precision native floating-point type that supports +Inf, -Inf, and NaN values. BINARY_FLOAT is an approximate numeric value consisting of an exponent and mantissa. You can use exponential or E-notation. BINARY_FLOAT has binary precision 24.

Minimum positive finite value: 1.17549E-38F

Maximum positive finite value: 3.40282E+38F

For more details, see "BINARY_FLOAT".

BLOB

A binary large object

Variable-length binary value with a maximum size of 16 MB.

For more details, see "BLOB".

CHAR[ACTER][(n[BYTE|CHAR])]

Fixed-length character string of length n bytes or characters

Default is one byte.

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n range from a minimum of one byte to a maximum of 8300 bytes.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics. The minimum CHAR length is one character. The maximum CHAR length depends on how many characters fit in 8300 bytes. This is determined by the database character set in use. For character set AL32UTF8, up to four bytes per character may be needed, so the CHAR length limit ranges from 2075 to 8300 depending on the character set.

A zero-length string is interpreted as NULL.

CHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing blanks. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

Alternatively, specify ORA_CHAR[(n[BYTE|CHAR])].

For more details, see "CHAR".

CLOB

A character large object containing single-byte or multibyte characters

Variable-length large object with a maximum size of 4 MB.

For more details, see "CLOB".

DATE

Date and time information: century, year, month, day, hour, minute, and second

Format is:

YYYY-MM-DD HHMISS.

Valid date range is from January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

There are no fractional seconds.

Alternatively, specify ORA_DATE.

For more details, see "DATE".

INTERVAL [+/-] IntervalQualifier

Interval type

TimesTen partially supports interval types, expressed with the type INTERVAL and an IntervalQualifier. An IntervalQualifier can only specify a single field type with no precision. The default leading precision is eight digits for all interval types. The single field type can be: year, month, day, hour, minute, or second. Currently, interval types can be specified only with a constant.

Note: You cannot specify a column of an interval type. These are non-persistent types used in SQL expressions at runtime. In addition, for those comparisons where an interval data type is returned, the interval data type cannot be the final result of a complete expression. The EXTRACT function must be used to extract the desired component of this interval result.

For more details, see "TimesTen intervals".

NCHAR[(n)]

Fixed-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NCHAR character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 4150.

A zero-length string is interpreted as NULL.

NCHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with U+0020 SPACE. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

Alternatively, specify ORA_NCHAR[(n)].

For more details, see "NCHAR".

NCLOB

A national character large object containing Unicode characters

Variable-length character value with a maximum size of 4 MB.

For more details, see "NCLOB".

NUMBER[(p [,s])]

Number having precision and scale

The precision ranges from 1 to 38 decimal. The scale ranges from -84 to 127. Both precision and scale are optional.

If you do not specify a precision or a scale, TimesTen assumes the maximum precision of 38 and flexible scale.

NUMBER supports negative scale and scale greater than precision.

NUMBER stores both zero and positive and negative fixed numbers with absolute values from 1.0 x 10-130 to (but not including) 1.0 x 10126. If you specify an arithmetic expression whose value has an absolute value greater than or equal to 1.0 x 10126, then TimesTen returns an error.

For more details, see "NUMBER".

NVARCHAR2(n)

Variable-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NVARCHAR2 character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 2,097,152 (221). You must specify n.

A zero-length string is interpreted as NULL.

Nonpadded comparison semantics are used.

Alternatively, specify ORA_NVARCHAR2(n).

For more details, see "NVARCHAR2".

ROWID

An 18-byte character string that represents the address of a table row or materialized view row

Specify a literal ROWID value as a CHAR constant enclosed in single quotes.

For more details, see "ROWID data type".

TIME

A time of day between 00:00:00 (midnight) and 23:59:59 (11:59:59 pm), inclusive

The format is: HH:MI:SS.

Alternatively, specify TT_TIME.

For more details, see "TIME".

TIMESTAMP

[(fractional_seconds_precision)]

Year, month, and day values of the date plus hour, minute, and second values of the time

The fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the seconds field. Valid date range is from January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

TT_TIMESTAMP has a smaller storage size than TIMESTAMP. TT_TIMESTAMP is faster than TIMESTAMP because TT_TIMESTAMP is an eight-byte integer containing the number of microseconds since January 1, 1753. Comparisons are very fast. TIMESTAMP has a larger range than TT_TIMESTAMP in that TIMESTAMP can store date and time data as far back as 4712 BC. TIMESTAMP also supports up to nine digits of fractional second precision whereas TT_TIMESTAMP supports six digits of fractional second precision.

The fractional seconds precision range is 0 to 9. The default is 6. Format is:

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF]

Alternatively, specify ORA_TIMESTAMP[(fractional_seconds_precision)]

For more details, see "TIMESTAMP".

TT_BIGINT

A signed eight-byte integer in the range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (-263) to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (263-1)

Use TT_BIGINT rather than the NUMBER data type. TT_BIGINT is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type. If you need to store greater than 19-digit integers, use NUMBER(p) where p > 19.

For more details, see "TT_BIGINT".

TT_DATE

Date information: century, year, month, and day

The format is YYYY-MM-DD, where MM is expressed as an integer such as 2006-10-28.

Valid dates are between 1753-01-01 (January 1, 1753) and 9999-12-31 (December 31, 9999).

For more details, see "TT_DATE".

TT_INTEGER

A signed integer in the range -2,147,483,648 (-231) to 2,147,483,647 (231-1)

TT_INTEGER is a native signed integer data type. Use TT_INTEGER rather than INTEGER. INTEGER maps to the NUMBER data type. TT_INTEGER is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type. If you need to store greater than 19-digit integers, use NUMBER(p) where p > 19.

For more details, see "TT_INTEGER".

TT_SMALLINT

A native signed 16-bit integer in the range -32,768 (-215) to 32,767 (215-1)

Use TT_SMALLINT rather than SMALLINT. SMALLINT maps to the NUMBER data type.

TT_SMALLINT is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type. If you need to store greater than 19-digit integers, use NUMBER(p) where p > 19.

For more details, see "TT_SMALLINT".

TT_TIMESTAMP

A date and time between 1753-01-01 00:00:00 (midnight on January 1, 1753) and 9999-12-31 23:59:59 pm (11:59:59 pm on December 31, 9999), inclusive

Any values for the fraction not specified in full microseconds result in a "Data Truncated" error. The format is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF].

TT_TIMESTAMP has a smaller storage size than TIMESTAMP and is faster than TIMESTAMP because TT_TIMESTAMP is an eight-byte integer containing the number of microseconds since January 1, 1753. Comparisons are very fast. TIMESTAMP has a larger range than TT_TIMESTAMP in that TIMESTAMP can store date and time data as far back as 4712 BC. TIMESTAMP also supports up to nine digits of fractional second precision whereas TT_TIMESTAMP supports six digits of fractional second precision.

You can specify TT_TIMESTAMP(6).

For more details, see "TT_TIMESTAMP".

TT_TINYINT

Unsigned integer ranging from 0 to 255 (28-1)

Use TT_TINYINT rather than the NUMBER data type. TT_TINYINT is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type. If you need to store greater than 19-digit integers, use NUMBER(p) where p > 19.

Since TT_TINYINT is unsigned, the negation of a TT_TINYINT is a TT_SMALLINT.

For more details, see "TT_TINYINT".

VARBINARY(n)

Variable-length binary value having maximum length n bytes, ranging from 1 to 4194304 (222)

Alternatively, specify TT_VARBINARY(n).

For more details, see "BINARY and VARBINARY data types".

VARCHAR[2](n[BYTE|CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length n bytes or characters, in the range from a minimum of one byte to a maximum 4194304 (222) bytes

You must specify n. BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics.

A zero-length string is interpreted as NULL.

Nonpadded comparison semantics are used.

Do not use the VARCHAR type. Although it is currently synonymous with VARCHAR2, the VARCHAR type is scheduled to be redefined.

Alternatively, specify ORA_VARCHAR2(n[BYTE|CHAR]).

For more details, see "VARCHAR2".


ANSI SQL data types

TimesTen supports ANSI SQL data types in Oracle type mode. These data types are converted to TimesTen data types with data stored as TimesTen data types. Table 1-2 shows how the ANSI SQL data types are mapped to TimesTen data types.

Table 1-2 Data type mapping: ANSI SQL to TImesTen

ANSI SQL data type TimesTen data type

CHARACTER VARYING(n[BYTE|CHAR]) or

CHAR VARYING(n[BYTE|CHAR])

VARCHAR2(n[BYTE|CHAR])

Character semantics is supported.

DOUBLE [PRECISION]

NUMBER

Floating-point number with a binary precision of 126.

Alternatively, specify FLOAT(126) or ORA_FLOAT(126).

FLOAT[(b)]

NUMBER

Floating-point number with binary precision b. Acceptable values for b are between 1 and 126 (binary digits).

FLOAT is an exact numeric type. Use FLOAT to define a column with a floated scale and a specified precision. A floated scale is supported with the NUMBER type, but you cannot specify the precision. A lower precision requires less space, so because you can specify a precision with FLOAT, it may be more desirable than NUMBER. If you do not specify b, then the default precision is 126 binary (38 decimal).

BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE are inexact numeric types and are therefore different floating types than FLOAT. In addition, the semantics are different between FLOAT and BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE because BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE conform to the IEEE standard.

Internally, FLOAT is implemented as type NUMBER.

Alternatively, specify ORA_FLOAT. For example:

FLOAT(24) = ORA_FLOAT(24)

FLOAT(53) = ORA_FLOAT(53)

FLOAT(n) = ORA_FLOAT(n)

INT[EGER]

NUMBER(38,0)

TT_INTEGER is a native 32-bit integer type. Use TT_INTEGER, as this data type is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type.

NATIONAL CHARACTER(n) or

NATIONAL CHAR(n)

NCHAR(n)

NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING(n) or

NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n) or

NCHAR VARYING(n)

NVARCHAR2(n)

NUMERIC[(p[,s])] or

DEC[IMAL][(p[,s])]

NUMBER(p,s)

Specifies a fixed-point number with precision p and scale s. This can only be used for fixed-point numbers. If no scale is specified, s defaults to 0.

REAL

NUMBER

Floating-point number with a binary precision of 63.

Alternatively, specify ORA_FLOAT(63) or FLOAT(63).

SMALLINT

NUMBER(38,0)

TT_SMALLINT is a native signed integer data type. Using TT_SMALLINT is more compact and offers faster performance than the NUMBER type.


Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode

TimesTen supports the data types shown in Table 1-3 for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode.

Table 1-3 Data types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode

Data type Description

TT_CHAR[(n[BYTE|CHAR])]

Fixed-length character string of length n bytes or characters

Default is one byte.

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n range from a minimum of one byte to a maximum 8300 bytes.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics. The minimum CHAR length is one character. The maximum CHAR length depends on how many characters fit in 8300 bytes. This is determined by the database character set in use. For character set AL32UTF8, up to four bytes per character may be needed, so the CHAR length limit ranges from 2075 to 8300 depending on the character set.

If you insert a zero-length (empty) string into a column, the SQL NULL value is inserted. This is true in Oracle type mode only.

TT_CHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing blanks. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

TT_DECIMAL[(p[,s])]

An exact numeric value with a fixed maximum precision (total number of digits) and scale (number of digits to the right of the decimal point)

The precision p must be between 1 and 40. The scale s must be between 0 and p. The default precision is 40 and the default scale is 0.

Use the NUMBER data type, which offers better performance, rather than TT_DECIMAL.

TT_NCHAR[(n)]

Fixed-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NCHAR character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 4150.

If you insert a zero-length (empty) string into a column, the SQL NULL value is inserted. This is true in Oracle type mode only.

TT_NCHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with U+0020 SPACE. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

TT_NVARCHAR(n)

Variable-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. TT_NVARCHAR character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 2,097,152 (221). You must specify n.

If you insert a zero-length (empty) string into a column, the SQL NULL value is inserted. This is true in Oracle type mode only.

Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

TT_VARCHAR(n[BYTE|CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length n bytes or characters

You must specify n. BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n range from a minimum of 1 byte to a maximum 4194304 (222) bytes.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics.

If you insert a zero-length (empty) string into a column, the SQL NULL value is inserted. This is true in Oracle type mode only.

Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.


TimesTen type mapping

The names of the data types listed in the left column of Table 1-4 are the data types that existed in previous releases of TimesTen. If TypeMode is set to 0 (the default), indicating Oracle type mode, the name of the data type may be changed to a new name in Oracle type mode. The name of the data type in Oracle type mode is listed in the right column. The table illustrates the mapping of the data type in the left column to the corresponding data type in the right column.

Table 1-4 Data type mapping: TimesTen data type to TimesTen data type in Oracle type mode

TimesTen data type TimesTen data type in Oracle type mode

BIGINT

TT_BIGINT

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_BIGINT. For more information on TT_BIGINT, see "Type specifications".

BINARY(n)

BINARY(n)

In Oracle type mode, the data type has the same name. For more information on BINARY(n), see "Type specifications".

CHAR[ACTER][(n)]

TT_CHAR[(n[BYTE|CHAR])]

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_CHAR. Character semantics is supported. For more information on type TT_CHAR, see "Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode".

DATE

TT_DATE

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_DATE. For more information on TT_DATE, see "Type specifications".

DEC[IMAL][(p[,s])] or

NUMERIC[(p[,s])]

TT_DECIMAL[(p[,s])]

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_DECIMAL.

For more information on TT_DECIMAL, see "Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode".

DOUBLE [PRECISION] or

FLOAT[(53)]

BINARY_DOUBLE

In Oracle type mode, specify BINARY_DOUBLE. For more information on BINARY_DOUBLE, see "Type specifications".

INT[EGER]

TT_INT[EGER]

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_INTEGER. For more information on TT_INTEGER, see "Type specifications".

INTERVAL IntervalQualifier

INTERVAL IntervalQualifier

In Oracle type mode, the data type has the same name. For more information on interval types, see "Type specifications".

NCHAR[(n)]

TT_NCHAR[(n)]

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_CHAR. For more information on TT_NCHAR, see "Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode".

NVARCHAR(n)

TT_NVARCHAR(n)

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_NVARCHAR. For more information on TT_NVARCHAR, see "Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode".

REAL or

FLOAT(24)

BINARY_FLOAT

In Oracle type mode, specify BINARY_FLOAT. For more information on BINARY_FLOAT, see "Type specifications".

SMALLINT

TT_SMALLINT

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_SMALLINT. For more information on TT_SMALLINT, see "Type specifications".

TIME

TIME

In Oracle type mode, the data type has the same name. For more information on TIME, see "Type specifications".

TIMESTAMP

TT_TIMESTAMP

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_TIMESTAMP. For more information on TT_TIMESTAMP, see "Type specifications".

TINYINT

TT_TINYINT

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_TINYINT. For more information on TT_TINYINT, see "Type specifications".

VARBINARY(n)

VARBINARY(n)

In Oracle type mode, the data type has the same name. For more information on VARBINARY(n), see "Type specifications".

VARCHAR(n)

TT_VARCHAR(n[BYTE|CHAR])

In Oracle type mode, specify TT_VARCHAR. Character semantics is supported. For more information on TT_VARCHAR, see "Types supported for backward compatibility in Oracle type mode".


Character data types

Character data types store character (alphanumeric) data either in the database character set or the UTF-16 format. Character data is stored in strings with byte values. The byte values correspond to one of the database character sets defined when the database is created. TimesTen supports both single and multibyte character sets.

The character types are as follows:

CHAR

The CHAR type specifies a fixed length character string. If you insert a value into a CHAR column and the value is shorter than the defined column length, then TimesTen blank-pads the value to the column length. If you insert a value into a CHAR column and the value is longer than the defined length, TimesTen returns an error.

By default, the column length is defined in bytes. Use the CHAR qualifier to define the column length in characters. The size of a character ranges from one byte to four bytes depending on the database character set. The BYTE and CHAR qualifiers override the NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS parameter setting. For more information about NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS, see "ALTER SESSION". Also see "Setting globalization support attributes" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Operations Guide.

Note:

With the CHAR type, a zero-length string is interpreted as NULL. With the TT_CHAR type, a zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. Both CHAR and TT_CHAR use blank padded comparison semantics. The TT_CHAR type is supported for backward compatibility.

The following example creates a table. Columns are defined with type CHAR and TT_CHAR. Blank padded comparison semantics are used for these types.

Command> CREATE TABLE typedemo (name CHAR (20), nnme2 TT_CHAR (20));
Command> INSERT INTO typedemo VALUES ('SMITH     ','SMITH     ');
1 row inserted.
Command> DESCRIBE typedemo;
Table USER.TYPEDEMO:
  Columns:
    NAME                            CHAR (20)
    NAME2                           TT_CHAR (20)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> SELECT * FROM typedemo;
< SMITH     , SMITH      >
1 row found.
Command> # Expect 1 row found; blank-padded comparison semantics
Command> SELECT * FROM typedemo WHERE name = 'SMITH';
< SMITH     , SMITH      >
1 row found.
Command> SELECT * FROM typedemo WHERE name2 = 'SMITH';
< SMITH     , SMITH      >
1 row found.
Command> # Expect 0 rows; blank padded comparison semantics.
Command> SELECT * FROM typedemo WHERE name > 'SMITH';
0 rows found.
Command> SELECT * FROM typedemo WHERE name2 > 'SMITH';
0 rows found.

The following example alters table typedemo adding column name3. The column name3 is defined with character semantics.

Command> ALTER TABLE typedemo ADD COLUMN name3 CHAR (10 CHAR);
Command> DESCRIBE typedemo;
Table USER.TYPEDEMO:
  Columns:
    NAME                            CHAR (20)
    NAME2                           TT_CHAR (20)
    NAME3                           CHAR (10 CHAR)
1 table found.

NCHAR

The NCHAR data type is a fixed length string of two-byte Unicode characters. NCHAR data types are padded to the specified length with the Unicode space character U+0020 SPACE. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used.

Note:

With the NCHAR type, a zero-length string is interpreted as NULL. With the TT_NCHAR type, a zero-length string is a valid non-null value. Both NCHAR and TT_NCHAR use blank padded comparison semantics. The TT_NCHAR type is supported for backward compatibility.

The following example alters table typedemo to add column Name4. Data type is NCHAR.

Command> ALTER TABLE typedemo ADD COLUMN Name4 NCHAR (10);
Command> DESCRIBE typedemo;

Table USER.TYPEDEMO:
  Columns:
    NAME                            CHAR (20)
    NAME2                           TT_CHAR (20)
    NAME3                           CHAR (10 CHAR)
    NAME4                           NCHAR (10)
1 table found.

VARCHAR2

The VARCHAR2 data type specifies a variable length character string. When you define a VARCHAR2 column, you define the maximum number of bytes or characters. Each value is stored exactly as you specify it. The value cannot exceed the maximum length of the column.

You must specify the maximum length. The minimum must be at least one byte. Use the CHAR qualifier to specify the maximum length in characters. For example, VARCHAR2(10 CHAR).

The size of a character ranges from one byte to four bytes depending on the database character set. The BYTE and CHAR qualifiers override the NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS parameter setting. For more information on NLS_LENGTH_SEMANTICS, see "ALTER SESSION". Also see "Setting globalization support attributes" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Operations Guide.

The NULL value is stored as a single bit for each nullable field within the row. A NOT INLINE VARCHAR2(n) whose value is NULL takes (null bit) + four bytes of storage on 32-bit platforms, whereas an INLINE VARCHAR2(n) whose value is NULL takes (null bit) + four bytes + n bytes of storage, or n more bytes of storage than a NOT INLINE VARCHAR2(n) whose value is NULL. This storage principal holds for all variable length data types: TT_VARCHAR, TT_NVARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, VARBINARY.

Notes:

  • Do not use the VARCHAR data type. Use VARCHAR2. Even though both data types are currently synonymous, the VARCHAR data type may be redefined as a different data type with different semantics.

  • With the VARCHAR2 type, a zero-length string is interpreted as NULL. With the TT_VARCHAR type, a zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. VARCHAR2 uses nonpadded comparison semantics. TT_VARCHAR uses blank-padded comparison semantics. The TT_VARCHAR type is supported for backward compatibility.

The following example alters table typedemo, adding columns name5 and name6. The name5 column is defined with type VARCHAR2. The name6 column is defined with TT_VARCHAR. The example illustrates the use of nonpadded comparison semantics with column name5 and blank-padded comparison semantics with column name6:

Command> ALTER TABLE typedemo ADD COLUMN name5 VARCHAR2 (20);
Command> ALTER TABLE typedemo ADD COLUMN name6 TT_VARCHAR (20);
Command> DESCRIBE typedemo;
Table USER.TYPEDEMO:
  Columns:
    NAME                            CHAR (20)
    NAME2                           TT_CHAR (20)
    NAME3                           CHAR (10 CHAR)
    NAME4                           NCHAR (10)
    NAME5                           VARCHAR2 (20) INLINE
    NAME6                           TT_VARCHAR (20) INLINE
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> #Insert SMITH followed by 5 spaces into all columns
Command> INSERT INTO typedemo VALUES
       > ('SMITH     ', 'SMITH     ', 'SMITH     ', 'SMITH     ','SMITH     ',
       > 'SMITH');
1 row inserted.
Command> # Expect 0; Nonpadded comparison semantics
Command> SELECT COUNT (*) FROM typedemo WHERE name5 = 'SMITH';
< 0 >
1 row found.
Command> # Expect 1; Blank-padded comparison semantics
Command> SELECT COUNT (*) FROM typedemo WHERE name6 = 'SMITH';
< 1 >
1 row found.
Command> # Expect 1; Nonpadded comparison semantics
Command> SELECT COUNT (*) FROM typedemo WHERE name5 > 'SMITH';
< 1 >
1 row found.
Command> # Expect 0; Blank-padded comparison semantics
Command> SELECT COUNT (*) FROM typedemo WHERE name6 > 'SMITH';
< 0 >
1 row found.

NVARCHAR2

The NVARCHAR2 data type is a variable length string of two-byte Unicode characters. When you define an NVARCHAR2 column, you define the maximum number of characters. Each value is stored exactly as you specify it. The value cannot exceed the maximum length of the column.

Note:

With the NVARCHAR2 type, a zero-length string is interpreted as NULL. With the TT_NVARCHAR type, a zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. NVARCHAR2 uses nonpadded comparison semantics. TT_NVARCHAR uses blank-padded comparison semantics. The TT_NVARCHAR type is supported for backward compatibility.

The following example alters table typedemo to add column name7. Data type is NVARCHAR2.

Command> ALTER TABLE typedemo ADD COLUMN Nnme7 NVARCHAR2 (20);
Command> DESCRIBE typedemo;
Table USER1.TYPEDEMO:
  Columns:
    NAME                            CHAR (20)
    NAME2                           TT_CHAR (20)
    NAME3                           CHAR (10 CHAR)
    NAME4                           NCHAR (10)
    NAME5                           VARCHAR2 (20) INLINE
    NAME6                           TT_VARCHAR (20) INLINE
    NAME7                           NVARCHAR2 (20) INLINE
1 table found.

Numeric data types

Numeric types store positive and negative fixed and floating-point numbers, zero, infinity, and values that are the undefined result of an operation (NaN, meaning not a number).

TimesTen supports both exact and approximate numeric data types. Arithmetic operations can be performed on numeric types only. Similarly, SUM and AVG aggregates require numeric types.

Following are the exact numeric types.

The approximate types are:

NUMBER

The NUMBER data type stores both zero and positive and negative fixed numbers with absolute values from 1.0 x 10 -130 up to but not including 1.0 x 10 126. Each NUMBER value requires from five to 22 bytes.

Specify a fixed-point number as NUMBER(p,s), where the following holds:

  • The argument p is the precision or the total number of significant decimal digits, where the most significant digit is the left-most nonzero digit and the least significant digit is the right-most known digit.

  • The argument s is the scale, or the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit. The scale ranges from -84 to 127.

    • Positive scale is the number of significant digits to the right of the decimal point up to and including the least significant digit.

    • Negative scale is the number of significant digits to the left of the decimal point up to but not including the least significant digit. For negative scale, the least significant digit is on the left side of the decimal point, because the number is rounded to the specified number of places to the left of the decimal point.

Scale can be greater than precision. For example, in the case of E-notation. When scale is greater than precision, the precision specifies the maximum number of significant digits to the right of the decimal point. For example, if you define the column as type NUMBER(4,5) and you insert .000127 into the column, the value is stored as .00013. A zero is required for the first digit after the decimal point. TimesTen rounds values after the fifth digit to the right of the decimal point.

If a value exceeds the precision, then TimesTen returns an error. If a value exceeds the scale, then TimesTen rounds the value.

NUMBER(p) represents a fixed-point number with precision p and scale 0 and is equivalent to NUMBER(p,0).

Specify a floating-point number as NUMBER. If you do not specify precision and scale, TimesTen uses the maximum precision and scale.

The following example alters table numerics by adding columns col6, col7, col8, and col9 defined with the NUMBER data type and specified with different precisions and scales.

Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col6 NUMBER;
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col7 NUMBER (4,2);
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col8 NUMBER (4,-2);
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col8 NUMBER (2,4);
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col9 NUMBER (2,4);
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            TT_INTEGER
    COL4                            TT_INTEGER
    COL5                            TT_BIGINT
    COL6                            NUMBER
    COL7                            NUMBER (4,2)
    COL8                            NUMBER (4,-2)
    COL9                            NUMBER (2,4)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

The next example creates table numbercombo and defines columns with the NUMBER data type using different precisions and scales. The value 123.89 is inserted into the columns.

Command> CREATE TABLE numbercombo (col1 NUMBER, col2 NUMBER (3), 
       > col3 NUMBER (6,2), col4 NUMBER (6,1), col5 NUMBER (6,-2));
Command> DESCRIBE numbercombo;
Table USER1.NUMBERCOMBO:
  Columns:
    COL1                            NUMBER
    COL2                            NUMBER (3)
    COL3                            NUMBER (6,2)
    COL4                            NUMBER (6,1)
    COL5                            NUMBER (6,-2)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> INSERT INTO numbercombo VALUES (123.89,123.89,123.89,123.89,123.89);
1 row inserted.
Command> VERTICAL ON;
Command> SELECT * FROM numbercombo;
COL1:   123.89
  COL2:   124
  COL3:   123.89
  COL4:   123.9
  COL5:   100
1 row found.

The next example creates a table and defines a column with data type NUMBER(4,2). An attempt to insert a value of 123.89 results in an overflow error.

Command> CREATE TABLE invnumbervalue (col6 NUMBER (4,2));
Command> INSERT INTO invnumbervalue VALUES (123.89);
 2923: Number type value overflow
The command failed.

The next example creates a table and defines columns with the NUMBER data type using a scale that is greater than the precision. Values are inserted into the columns.

Command> CREATE TABLE numbercombo2 (col1 NUMBER (4,5), col2 NUMBER (4,5), 
       > col3 NUMBER (4,5), col4 NUMBER (2,7), col5 NUMBER (2,7), 
       > col6 NUMBER (2,5), col7 NUMBER (2,5));
Command> INSERT INTO numbercombo2 VALUES 
       > (.01234, .00012, .000127, .0000012, .00000123, 1.2e-4, 1.2e-5);
1 row inserted.
Command> DESCRIBE numbercombo2;
Table USER1.NUMBERCOMBO2:
  Columns:
    COL1                            NUMBER (4,5)
    COL2                            NUMBER (4,5)
    COL3                            NUMBER (4,5)
    COL4                            NUMBER (2,7)
    COL5                            NUMBER (2,7)
    COL6                            NUMBER (2,5)
    COL7                            NUMBER (2,5)
1 table found.

(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> SELECT * FROM numbercombo2;
COL1:   .01234
  COL2:   .00012
  COL3:   .00013
  COL4:   .0000012
  COL5:   .0000012
  COL6:   .00012
  COL7:   .00001
1 row found.

TT_BIGINT

The TT_BIGINT data type is a signed integer that ranges from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (-263) to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (263-1). It requires eight bytes of storage and thus is more compact than the NUMBER data type. It also has better performance than the NUMBER data type. You cannot specify BIGINT.

This example alters table numerics and attempts to add col5 with a data type of BIGINT. TimesTen generates an error. A second ALTER TABLE successfully adds col5 with the data type TT_BIGINT.

Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD COLUMN col5 BIGINT;
 3300: BIGINT is not a valid type name; use TT_BIGINT instead
The command failed.
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD COLUMN col5 TT_BIGINT;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            TT_INTEGER
    COL4                            TT_INTEGER
    COL5                            TT_BIGINT
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

TT_INTEGER

The TT_INTEGER data type is a signed integer that ranges from -2,147,483,648 (-231) to 2,147,483,647 (231 -1). It requires four bytes of storage and thus is more compact than the NUMBER data type. It also has better performance than the NUMBER data type. You can specify TT_INT for TT_INTEGER. If you specify either INTEGER or INT, these types are mapped to NUMBER(38).

The following example alters the table numerics and adds col3 with the data type INT. Describing the table shows that the data type is NUMBER(38). The column col3 is dropped. A second ALTER TABLE adds col2 with the data type INTEGER. Describing the table shows that the data type is NUMBER(38). The column col3 is dropped. Columns col3 and col4 are then added with the data types TT_INTEGER and TT_INT. Describing the table shows both data types as TT_INTEGER.

Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col3 INT;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            NUMBER (38)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics  col3;
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col3 INTEGER;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            NUMBER (38)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics  col3;
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD COLUMN col3 TT_INTEGER;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            TT_INTEGER
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD col4 TT_INT;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
    COL3                            TT_INTEGER
    COL4                            TT_INTEGER
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

TT_SMALLINT

The TT_SMALLINT data type is a signed integer that ranges from -32,768 (-215) to 32,767 (215-1). It requires two bytes of storage and thus is more compact than the NUMBER data type. It also has better performance than the NUMBER data type. You can specify the data type SMALLINT, but it maps to NUMBER(38).

The following example alters the table numerics and adds col2 with the data type SMALLINT. Describing the table shows that the data type is NUMBER(38). The column col2 is dropped. A second ALTER TABLE adds col2 with the data type TT_SMALLINT.

Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD COLUMN col2 SMALLINT;
Command> DESCRIBE Numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            NUMBER (38)
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics  COLUMN col2;
Command> ALTER TABLE numerics ADD COLUMN col2 TT_SMALLINT;
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
    COL2                            TT_SMALLINT
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

TT_TINYINT

The TT_TINYINT data type is an unsigned integer that ranges from 0 to 255 (28 -1). It requires one byte of storage and thus is more compact than the NUMBER data type. It also has better performance than the NUMBER data type. The data type of a negative TT_TINYINT is TT_SMALLINT. You cannot specify TINYINT.

The following example first attempts to create a table named numerics that defines a column named col1 with data type TINYINT. TimesTen returns an error. The example then redefines the column with data type TT_TINYINT.

Command> CREATE TABLE numerics (col1 TINYINT);
 3300: TINYINT is not a valid type name; use TT_TINYINT instead
The command failed.
Command> CREATE TABLE numerics (col1 TT_TINYINT);
Command> DESCRIBE numerics;
Table USER1.NUMERICS:
  Columns:
    COL1                            TT_TINYINT
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

Floating-point numbers

Floating-point numbers can be with or without a decimal point. An exponent may be used to increase the range (for example, 1.2E-20).

Floating-point numbers do not have a scale because the number of digits that can appear after the decimal point is not restricted.

Binary floating-point numbers are stored using binary precision (the digits 0 and 1). For the NUMBER data type, values are stored using decimal precision (the digits 0 through 9).

Literal values that are within the range and precision supported by NUMBER are stored as NUMBER because literals are expressed using decimal precision.

Use one of the following data types for floating-point numbers:

BINARY_DOUBLE

BINARY_DOUBLE is a 64-bit, double-precision, floating-point number.

Both BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE support the special values Inf, -Inf, and NaN (not a number) and conform to the IEEE standard.

Floating-point number limits:

  • BINARY_FLOAT

    • Minimum positive finite value: 1.17549E-38F

    • Maximum positive finite value: 3.40282E+38F

  • BINARY_DOUBLE

    • Minimum positive finite value: 2.22507485850720E-308

    • Maximum positive finite value: 1.79769313486231E+308

The following example creates a table and defines two columns with the BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE data types.

Command> CREATE TABLE BfBd (Col1 BINARY_FLOAT, Col2 BINARY_DOUBLE);
Command> DESCRIBE BfBd;
Table UISER1.BFBD:
  Columns:
    COL1                            BINARY_FLOAT
    COL2                            BINARY_DOUBLE
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

BINARY_FLOAT

BINARY_FLOAT is a 32-bit, single-precision, floating-point number.

FLOAT and FLOAT(n)

TimesTen also supports the ANSI type FLOAT. FLOAT is an exact numeric type and is implemented as the NUMBER type. The value of n indicates the number of bits of precision that can be stored, from 1 to 126. To convert from binary precision to decimal precision, multiply n by 0.30103. To convert from decimal precision to binary precision, multiply the decimal precision by 3.32193. The maximum 126 digits of binary precision is equivalent to approximately 38 digits of decimal precision.

BINARY and VARBINARY data types

The BINARY data type is a fixed-length binary value with a length of n bytes, where the value of n ranges from 1 to 8300 bytes. The BINARY data type requires n bytes of storage. Data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing zeros. Zero padded comparison semantics are used.

The VARBINARY data type is a variable-length binary value having a maximum length of n bytes, where the value of n ranges from 1 to 4,194,304 (222) bytes.

The following example creates a table and defines two columns: col1 is defined with data type BINARY and col2 with data type VARBINARY. Then, binary data is inserted into each column. Note that the BINARY value is padded to the right with zeros.

Note:

For details on assigning hexadecimal literals as binary data in TimesTen, see the description for the HexadecimalLiteral in "Constants".
Command> CREATE TABLE bvar (col1 BINARY (10), col2 VARBINARY (10));
Command> DESCRIBE bvar;
Table USER1.BVAR:
  Columns:
    COL1                            BINARY (10)
    COL2                            VARBINARY (10) INLINE
1 table found.
(primary key columns are indicated with *)

Command> INSERT INTO bvar (col1, col2)
 > VALUES (0x4D7953514C, 0x39274D);
1 row inserted.

Command> select * from bvar;
 < 4D7953514C0000000000, 39274D >
1 row found.

Numeric precedence

The result type of an expression is determined by the operand with the highest type precedence. The numeric precedence order is as follows (highest to lowest):

  • BINARY_DOUBLE

  • BINARY_FLOAT

  • NUMBER

  • TT_BIGINT

  • TT_INTEGER

  • TT_SMALLINT

  • TT_TINYINT

For example, the sum of TT_INTEGER and BINARY_FLOAT values is type BINARY_FLOAT because BINARY_FLOAT has higher numeric precedence. Similarly, the product of NUMBER and BINARY_DOUBLE values is type BINARY_DOUBLE.

LOB data types

The large object (LOB) data types can store large and unstructured data such as text, image, video, and spatial data. LOBs include the BLOB, CLOB and NCLOB data types.

You can insert or update data in a column that is of a LOB data type. For update operations, you can set the LOB value to NULL, an empty value through EMPTY_CLOB or EMPTY_BLOB, or replace the entire LOB with new data. You can update a LOB value with another LOB value. If you delete a row containing a LOB column, you also delete the LOB value.

LOB data type semantics are similar to the following SQL semantics:

  • BLOB data types use SQL VARBINARY semantics.

  • CLOB data types use SQL VARCHAR2 semantics.

  • NCLOB data types use SQL NVARCHAR2 semantics.

The following SQL statements, operators, and functions accept one or more of the LOB data types as arguments.

  • SQL statements: CREATE TABLE, SELECT, INSERT, and UPDATE

  • Operators: LIKE and IS [NOT] NULL

  • Functions: ASCIISTR, CONCAT, INSTR, INSTRB, INSTR4, LENGTH, LENGTHB, LOWER, LPAD, NLSSORT, NVL, TRIM, LTRIM, RTRIM, SUBSTR, SUBSTRB, SUBSTR4, REPLACE, RPAD, SOUNDEX, TO_DATE, TO_NUMBER, TO_CHAR, and UPPER

Note:

Support for LOB data types is detailed in documentation for the above statements, operators, and functions. Refer to Chapter 6, "SQL Statements", Chapter 5, "Search Conditions", and Chapter 4, "Functions", respectively.

Description

  • LOB conversion SQL functions (TO_BLOB, TO_CLOB, and TO_LOB) convert to the desired LOB data type.

  • LOB columns are always stored out of line, so you cannot use the INLINE attribute when declaring LOB columns.

  • You can define multiple columns of the LOB data type within a single table.

  • You cannot create a primary key on a LOB column. You cannot define an index (range, hash, bitmap) on a LOB column.

  • You cannot create a materialized view if the detail table contains a LOB column.

  • In addition to SQL, you can use LOB specific APIs in PL/SQL, ODBC, JDBC, OCI, and PRO*C/C++ for creating and updating LOBs. See the appropriate TimesTen developer's guide for more information on these APIs.

The following sections describe each LOB data type in more detail:

In addition, the following sections provide more details on LOBs in general:

BLOB

The Binary LOB (BLOB) data type stores unstructured binary large objects. The maximum size for BLOB data is 16 MB.

Note:

For details on assigning hexadecimal literals as binary data in TimesTen, see the description for the HexadecimalLiteral in "Constants".

When you define a BLOB in a column, you do not define the maximum number of characters as you would with VARBINARY and other variable length data types. Instead, the definition for the column would be as follows:

Command> CREATE TABLE blob_content ( 
 > id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, 
 > blob_column BLOB ); 

To manipulate a BLOB, the following functions are provided:

  • There are two methods to initialize a BLOB, including the EMPTY_BLOB function to initialize an empty BLOB. For details on initializing a BLOB, see "Initializing LOBs". For details on how an empty LOB is different from a NULL LOB, see "Difference between NULL and empty LOBs".

  • To convert a binary value to a BLOB, use the TO_LOB or TO_BLOB functions. See "TO_BLOB" and "TO_LOB" for more details.

CLOB

The Character LOB (CLOB) data type stores single-byte and multibyte character data. The maximum size for CLOB data is 4 MB. The maximum number of characters that can be stored in the CLOB depends on whether you are using a single or multibyte character set.

When you define a CLOB in a column, you do not define the maximum number of characters as you would with VARCHAR and other variable length data types. Instead, the definition for the column would be as follows:

Command> CREATE TABLE clob_content ( 
 > id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, 
 > clob_column CLOB ); 

To manipulate a CLOB, the following functions are provided:

  • There are two methods to initialize a CLOB, including the EMPTY_CLOB function to initialize an empty CLOB. For details on initializing a CLOB, see "Initializing LOBs". For details on how an empty LOB is different from a NULL LOB, see "Difference between NULL and empty LOBs" below.

  • To convert a character string to a CLOB, use the TO_LOB or TO_CLOB functions. See "TO_CLOB" and "TO_LOB" for more details.

NCLOB

The National Character LOB (NCLOB) data type stores Unicode data. The maximum size for an NCLOB data is 4 MB.

When you define a NCLOB in a column, you do not define the maximum number of characters as you would with VARCHAR and other variable length data types. Instead, the definition for the column would be as follows:

Command> CREATE TABLE nclob_content ( 
 > id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, 
 > nclob_column NCLOB ); 

The following functions support the NCLOB data type:

  • There are two methods to initialize an NCLOB, including the EMPTY_CLOB function to initialize an empty NCLOB. For details on initializing a NCLOB, see "Initializing LOBs". For details on how an empty LOB is different from a NULL LOB, see "Difference between NULL and empty LOBs", immediately below.

  • To convert a character string to an NCLOB, use the TO_LOB or TO_CLOB functions. See "TO_CLOB" and "TO_LOB" for more details.

Difference between NULL and empty LOBs

A NULL LOB has a different meaning than an empty LOB.

  • A NULL LOB has the value of NULL, so NULL is returned if you request a NULL LOB.

  • An empty LOB is initialized with either the EMPTY_CLOB or EMPTY_BLOB functions. These functions initialize the LOB to be a zero-length, non-NULL value. You can also use the EMPTY_CLOB or EMPTY_BLOB functions to initialize a LOB in a non-nullable column.

Initializing LOBs

You can initialize a LOB in one of two ways:

  • You can insert an empty LOB into a BLOB, CLOB or NCLOB column by using the EMPTY_BLOB or EMPTY_CLOB functions. This is useful when you do not have any data, but want to create the LOB in preparation for data. It is also useful for initializing non-nullable LOB columns.

  • Initialize the LOB by inserting data directly. There is no need to initialize a LOB using the EMPTY_BLOB or EMPTY_CLOB functions, you can simply insert the data directly.

The following demonstrates examples of each type of initialization:

You can initialize a LOB with the EMPTY_CLOB function, as shown with the following example:

Command> INSERT INTO clob_content (id, clob_column)
       > VALUES (1, EMPTY_CLOB( ) );
1 row inserted.

You can initialize a LOB by inserting data directly, as shown with the following example:

Command> INSERT INTO clob_content(id, clob_column)
 > VALUES (4, 'Demonstration of the LOB initialization.');
1 row inserted.

You can initialize or update an existing LOB value with the UPDATE statement, as shown with the following examples:

Command> UPDATE blob_content
 > SET blob_column = 0x000AF4511
 > WHERE id = 1;
1 row updated.

Command> select * from blob_content;
 < 1, 0000AF4511 >
1 rows found.

Command> UPDATE clob_content
 > SET clob_column = 'Demonstration of the CLOB data type '
 > WHERE id = 1;
1 row updated.

Command> SELECT * FROM clob_content;
 < 1, Demonstration of the CLOB data type >

ROWID data type

The address of a row in a table or materialized view is called a rowid. The rowid data type is ROWID. You can examine a rowid by querying the ROWID pseudocolumn. See "ROWID" for details on the ROWID pseudocolumn.

Specify literal ROWID values in SQL statements as constants enclosed in single quotes, as follows:

Command> SELECT ROWID, last_name 
> FROM employees 
> WHERE department_id = 20;

< BMUFVUAAACOAAAALhM, Hartstein >
< BMUFVUAAACOAAAAMhM, Fay >
2 rows found.

Command> SELECT ROWID, last_name FROM employees
       > WHERE ROWID='BMUFVUAAACOAAAALhM';
< BMUFVUAAACOAAAALhM, Hartstein >
1 row found.

Use the ROWID data type as follows:

  • As the data type for a table column or materialized view column

  • In these types of expressions:

  • In ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses

  • In INSERT...SELECT statements. Column col1 has been defined with the ROWID data type for these examples:

    Command> DESCRIBE master;
     
    Table MYUSER.MASTER:
      Columns:
       *ID                              ROWID NOT NULL
        NAME                            CHAR (30)
     
    1 table found.
    (primary key columns are indicated with *)
    
    Command> INSERT INTO master(id, name) SELECT ROWID, last_name FROM employees;
    107 rows inserted.
    Command> SELECT * FROM master;
    < BMUFVUAAACOAAAAGhG, King                           >
    < BMUFVUAAACOAAAAHhG, Kochhar                        >
    < BMUFVUAAACOAAAAIhG, De Haan                        >
    ...
    107 rows found.
    

    You can use the TO_CHAR function with the ROWID pseudocolumn as shown below:

    Command> INSERT INTO master(id, name) 
    > SELECT TO_CHAR(ROWID), last_name FROM employees;
    107 rows inserted.
    Command> SELECT * FROM master;
    < BMUFVUAAACOAAAAGhG, King                           >
    < BMUFVUAAACOAAAAHhG, Kochhar                        >
    ...
    107 rows found.
    

    You can use the CAST function with the ROWID pseudocolumn as shown below:

    Command> CREATE TABLE master (id CHAR(20) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 
    > name CHAR(30));
    Command> INSERT INTO master(id, name) SELECT CAST(ROWID AS CHAR(20)), 
    > last_name from employees;
    107 rows inserted.
    

Implicit type conversions are supported for assigning values and comparison operations between ROWID and CHAR or between ROWID and VARCHAR2 data.

When CHAR, VARCHAR2, and ROWID operands are combined in COALESCE, DECODE, NVL, or CASE expressions (see "CASE expressions"), the result data type is ROWID. Expressions with CHAR and VARCHAR2 values are converted to ROWID values to evaluate the expression.

To use ROWID values with string functions such as CONCAT, the application must convert ROWID values explicitly to CHAR values using the SQL TO_CHAR function.

Datetime data types

The datetime data types are as follows:

DATE

The format of a DATE value is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS and ranges from -4712-01-01 (January 1, 4712 BC) to 9999-12-31 (December 31, 9999 AD). There are no fractional seconds. The DATE type requires seven bytes of storage.

TimesTen does not support user-specified NLS_DATE_FORMAT settings. You can use the SQL TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions to specify other formats.

TIME

The format of a TIME value is HH:MI:SS and ranges from 00:00:00 (midnight) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 pm). The TIME data type requires eight bytes of storage.

TIMESTAMP

The format of a TIMESTAMP value is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF]. The fractional seconds precision range is 0 to 9. The default is 6. The date range is from -4712-01-01 (January 1, 4712 BC) to 9999-12-31 (December 31, 9999 AD). The TIMESTAMP type requires 12 bytes of storage. The TIMESTAMP type has a larger date range and supports more precision than TT_TIMESTAMP.

TimesTen does not support user-specified NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT settings. The SQL TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions can be used to specify other formats.

TT_DATE

The format of a TT_DATE value is YYYY-MM-DD and ranges from 1753-01-01 (January 1, 1753 AD) to 9999-12-31 (December 31, 9999 AD). The TT_DATE data type requires four bytes of storage.

TT_TIMESTAMP

The format of a TT_TIMESTAMP value is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF]. The fractional seconds precision is 6. The range is from 1753-01-01 00:00:00 (January 1, 1753, midnight) to 9999-12-31 23:59:59 (December 31, 9999, 11:59:59 PM). The TT_TIMESTAMP type requires eight bytes of storage. TT_TIMESTAMP is faster than the TIMESTAMP data type and has a smaller storage size.

TimesTen intervals

This section includes the following topics:

Using interval data types

If you are using TimesTen type mode, refer to the Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database API and SQL Reference Guide, Release 6.0.3, for information on interval types.

TimesTen supports interval types only in a constant specification or intermediate expression result. Interval types cannot be the final result. Columns cannot be defined with an interval type. See "Type specifications".

You can specify a single-field literal that is an interval in an expression, but you cannot specify a complete expression that returns an interval data type. Instead, the EXTRACT function must be used to extract the desired component of the interval result.

TimesTen supports interval literals of the following form:

INTERVAL [+/-] CharString IntervalQualifier

Using DATE and TIME data types

This section shows some DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP data type examples:

To create a table named sample that contains a column dcol of type DATE and a column tcol of type TIME, use the following:

CREATE TABLE sample (tcol TIME, dcol DATE);

To insert DATE and TIME values into the sample table, use this:

INSERT INTO sample VALUES (TIME '12:00:00', DATE '1998-10-28');

To select all rows in the sample table that are between noon and 4:00 p.m. on October 29, 1998, use the following:

SELECT * FROM sample WHERE dcol = DATE '1998-10-29' 
AND tcol BETWEEN TIME '12:00:00' AND TIME '16:00:00';

To create a table named sample2 that contains a column tscol of type TIMESTAMP and then select all rows in the table that are between noon and 4:00 p.m. on October 29, 1998, use these statements:

CREATE TABLE sample2 (tscol TIMESTAMP);
INSERT INTO sample2 VALUES (TIMESTAMP '1998-10-28 12:00:00');
SELECT * FROM sample2 WHERE tscol
BETWEEN TIMESTAMP '1998-10-29 12:00:00' AND '1998-10-29 16:00:00';

Note:

TimesTen enables both literal and string formats of the TIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP types. For example, timestring ('12:00:00') and timeliteral (TIME '16:00:00') are both valid ways to specify a TIME value. TimesTen reads the first value as CHAR type and later converts it to TIME type as needed. TimesTen reads the second value as TIME. The examples above use the literal format. Any values for the fraction not specified in full microseconds result in a "Data truncated" error.

Handling time zone conversions

TimesTen does not support TIMEZONE. TIME and TIMESTAMP data type values are stored without making any adjustment for time difference. Applications must assume one time zone and convert TIME and TIMESTAMP to that time zone before sending values to the database. For example, an application can assume its time zone to be Pacific Standard Time. If the application is using TIME and TIMESTAMP values from Pacific Daylight Time or Eastern Standard Time, for example, the application must convert TIME and TIMESTAMP to Pacific Standard Time.

Datetime and interval data types in arithmetic operations

If you are using TimesTen type mode, see Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database API and SQL Reference Guide, Release 6.0.3, for information about datetime and interval types in arithmetic operations

You can perform numeric operations on date, timestamp and interval data. TimesTen calculates the results based on the rules:

  • You can add or subtract a numeric value to or from a ORA_DATE or ORA_TIMESTAMP value. TimesTen internally converts ORA_TIMESTAMP values to ORA_DATE values.

  • You can add or subtract a numeric value to or from a TT_DATE or TT_TIMESTAMP value and the resulting value is TT_DATE or TT_TIMESTAMP respectively.

  • Numeric values are treated as number of days. For example, SYSDATE + 1 is tomorrow. SYSDATE - 7 is one week ago.

  • Subtracting two date columns results in the number of days between the two dates. The return type is numeric.

  • You cannot add date values. You cannot multiple or divide date or timestamp values.

Table 1-5 is a matrix of datetime arithmetic operations. Dashes represent operations that are not supported. The matrix assumes that you are using Oracle type mode:

Table 1-5 DateTime arithmetic operations


DATE TT_DATE TIMESTAMP TT_TIMESTAMP NUMERIC INTERVAL

DATE

           

+ (plus)

DATE

DATE

- (minus)

NUMBER

NUMBER

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

DATE

DATE

* (multiply)

/ (divide)

TT_DATE

           

+ (plus)

TT_DATE

TT_DATE

- (minus)

NUMBER

TT_BIGINT

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

TT_DATE

TT_DATE

* (multiply)

/ (divide)

TIMESTAMP

           

+ (plus)

DATE

TIMESTAMP

- (minus)

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

DATE

TIMESTAMP

* (multiply)

/ (divide)

TT_TIMESTAMP

           

+ (plus)

TT_TIMESTAMP

TT_TIMESTAMP

- (minus)

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

INTERVAL

TT_TIMESTAMP

TT_TIMESTAMP

* (multiply)

/ (divide)

NUMERIC

           

+ (plus)

DATE

TT_DATE

DATE

TT_TIMESTAMP

Not applicable

- (minus)

Not applicable

* (multiply)

Not applicable

INTERVAL

/ (divide)

Not applicable

INTERVAL

           

+ (plus)

DATE

TT_DATE

TIMESTAMP

TT_TIMESTAMP

INTERVAL

- (minus)

 

INTERVAL

* (multiply)

INTERVAL

/ (divide)

INTERVAL


Note:

An interval data type cannot be the final result of a complete expression. The EXTRACT function must be used to extract the desired component of this interval result.
SELECT tt_date1 - tt_date2 FROM t1;
SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM timestamp1-timestamp2) FROM t1;
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE timestamp1 - timestamp2 = NUMTODSINTERVAL(10, 'DAY');
SELECT SYSDATE + NUMTODSINTERVAL(20,'SECOND') FROM dual;
SELECT EXTRACT (SECOND FROM timestamp1-timestamp2) FROM dual;
/* select the microsecond difference between two timestamp values d1 and d2 */
SELECT 1000000*(EXTRACT(DAY FROM d1-d2)*24*3600+
EXTRACT(HOUR FROM d1-d2)*3600+
EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM d1-d2)*60+EXTRACT(SECOND FROM d1-d2) FROM d1;

This example inserts TIMESTAMP values into two columns and then subtracts the two values using the EXTRACT function:

Command> CREATE TABLE ts (id TIMESTAMP, id2 TIMESTAMP);
Command> INSERT INTO ts VALUES (TIMESTAMP '2007-01-20 12:45:23', 
       > TIMESTAMP '2006-12-25 17:34:22');
1 row inserted.
Command> SELECT EXTRACT (DAY FROM id - id2) FROM ts;
< 25 >
1 row found.

The following queries return errors. You cannot select an interval result:

SELECT timestamp1 - timestamp2 FROM t1;

You cannot compare an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH with an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND:

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE timestamp1 - timestamp2 = NUMTOYMINTERVAL(10, 'YEAR');

You cannot compare an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND with an INTERVAL DAY:

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE timestamp1 - timestamp2 = INTERVAL '10' DAY;

You cannot extract YEAR from an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND:

SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM timestamp1 - timestamp2) FROM dual;

Restrictions on datetime and interval arithmetic operations

Consider these restrictions when performing datetime and interval arithmetic:

  • The results for addition and subtraction with DATE and TIMESTAMP types for INTERVAL YEAR and INTERVAL MONTH are not closed. For example, adding one year to the DATE or TIMESTAMP of '2004-02-29' results in a date arithmetic error (TimesTen error 2787) because February 29, 2005 does not exist (2005 is not a leap year). Adding INTERVAL '1' month to DATE '2005-01-30' also results in the same error because February never has 30 days.

  • The results are closed for INTERVAL DAY.

  • An interval data type cannot be the final result of a complete expression. The EXTRACT function must be used to extract the desired component of the interval result.

Storage requirements

Variable-length columns whose declared column length is greater than 128 bytes are stored out of line. Variable-length columns whose declared column length is less than or equal to 128 bytes are stored inline. All LOB data types are stored out of line.

For character semantics, the number of bytes stored out of line depends on the character set. For example, for a character set with four bytes per character, variable-length columns whose declared column length is greater than 32 (128/4) are stored out of line.

Table 1-6 shows the storage requirements of the various data types.

Table 1-6 Data type storage requirements

Type Storage required

BINARY(n)

n bytes

BINARY_DOUBLE

Eight bytes

BINARY_FLOAT

Four bytes

CHAR(n[BYTE|CHAR])

n bytes or, if character semantics, n characters

If character semantics, the length of the column (n) is based on length semantics and character set.

DATE

Seven bytes

Interval

An interval type cannot be stored in TimesTen

NCHAR(n)

Bytes required is 2*n where n is the number of characters

NUMBER

Five to 22 bytes

NVARCHAR2(n)

For NOT INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, 2*(length of value) + 20 bytes (minimum of 28 bytes).

On 64-bit platforms, 2*(length of value) + 24 bytes (minimum of 40 bytes).

For INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, 2*(length of column) + 4 bytes.

On 64-bit platforms, 2*(length of column) + 8 bytes.

ROWID

Twelve bytes

TIMESTAMP

Twelve bytes

TT_BIGINT

Eight bytes

TT_DATE

Four bytes

TT_DECIMAL(p,s)

Approximately p/2 bytes

TT_INT[EGER]

Four bytes

TT_SMALLINT

Two bytes

TT_TIME

Eight bytes

TT_TIMESTAMP

Eight bytes

TT_TINYINT

One byte

VARBINARY(n)

For NOT INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, length of value + 20 bytes (minimum of 28 bytes).

On 64-bit platforms, length of value + 24 bytes (minimum of 40 bytes).

For INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, length of column + 4 bytes.

On 64-bit platforms, length of column + 8 bytes.

VARCHAR2(n[BYTE|CHAR])

For NOT INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, length of value + 20 bytes (minimum of 28 bytes). NULL value is stored as (null bit) + 4 bytes, or 4.125 bytes.

On 64-bit platforms, length of value + 24 bytes (minimum of 40 bytes). NULL value is stored as (null bit) + 8 bytes, or 8.125 bytes.

This storage principal holds for all variable length NOT INLINE data types: TT_VARCHAR, TT_NVARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, and VARBINARY.

For INLINE columns:

On 32-bit platforms, n + 4 bytes. NULL value is stored as (null bit) + n + 4 bytes.

On 64-bit platforms, n + 8 bytes. NULL value is stored as (null bit) + n + 8 bytes.

If character semantics, the length of the column (n) is based on length semantics and character set.

BLOB and CLOB

On 32-bit platforms, length of value + 36 bytes (minimum of 40 bytes)

On 64-bit platforms, length of value + 48 bytes (minimum of 56 bytes)

NCLOB

On 32-bit platforms, 2 * (length of value) + 36 bytes (minimum of 40 bytes)

On 64-bit platforms, 2 * (length of value) + 48 bytes (minimum of 56 bytes)


Data type comparison rules

This section describes how values of each data type are compared in TimesTen.

Numeric values

A larger value is greater than a smaller value: -1 is less than 10, and -10 is less than -1.

The floating-point value NaN is greater than any other numeric value and is equal to itself.

Date values

A later date is considered greater than an earlier one. For example, the date equivalent of '10-AUG-2005' is less than that of '30-AUG-2006', and '30-AUG-2006 1:15 pm' is greater than '30-AUG-2006 10:10 am'.

Character values

Character values are compared in the following ways:

Binary and linguistic sorting

In binary sorting, TimesTen compares character strings according to the concatenated value of the numeric codes of the characters in the database character set. One character is greater than the other if it has a greater numeric values than the other in the character set. Blanks are less than any character.

Linguistic sorting is useful if the binary sequence of numeric codes does not match the linguistic sequence of the characters you are comparing. In linguistic sorting, SQL sorting and comparison are based on the linguistic rule set by NLS_SORT. For more information on linguistic sorts, see "Linguistic sorts" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Operations Guide.

The default is binary sorting.

Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics

With blank-padded semantics, if two values have different lengths, TimesTen adds blanks to the shorter value until both lengths are equal. Values are then compared character by character up to the first character that differs. The value with the greater character in the first differing position is considered greater. If two values have no differing characters, then they are considered equal. Thus, two values are considered equal if they differ only in the number of trailing blanks.

Blank-padded semantics are used when both values in the comparison are expressions of type CHAR or NCHAR or text literals.

With nonpadded semantics, two values are compared, character by character, up to the first character that differs. The value with the greater character in that position is considered greater. If two values that have differing lengths are identical up to the end of the shorter one, then the longer one is considered greater. If two values of equal length have no differing characters, they are considered equal.

Nonpadded semantics are used when both values in the comparison have the type VARCHAR2 or NVARCHAR2.

An example with blank-padded semantics:

'a   ' = 'a'

An example with nonpadded semantics:

'a   ' > 'a'

Data type conversion

Generally an expression cannot contain values of different data types. However, TimesTen supports both implicit and explicit conversion from one data type to another. Because algorithms for implicit conversion are subject to change across software releases and the behavior of explicit conversions is more predictable, TimesTen recommends explicit conversion.

Implicit data type conversion

TimesTen converts a value from one data type to another when such a conversion is sensible.

Table 1-7 and Table 1-8 use a matrix to illustrate TimesTen implicit data type conversions. YES in the cell indicates the conversion is supported. NO in the cell indicates the conversion is not supported. The rules for implicit conversion follow the table.

Table 1-7 Implicit data type conversion


CHAR VARCHAR2 NCHAR NVARCHAR2 DATE TT_DATE TIMESTAMP TT_TIMESTAMP

CHAR

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

VARCHAR2

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NCHAR

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NVARCHAR2

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

DATE

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

TT_DATE

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

TIMESTAMP

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

TT_TIMESTAMP

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NUMERIC

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

BLOB

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

CLOB

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

NCLOB

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

BINARY/ VARBINARY

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

ROWID

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO


Table 1-8 Implicit data type conversion (continuation of preceding table)


NUMERIC BLOB CLOB NCLOB BINARY/ VARBINARY ROWID

CHAR

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

VARCHAR2

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NCHAR

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NVARCHAR2

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

DATE

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

TT_DATE

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

TIMESTAMP

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

TT_TIMESTAMP

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NUMERIC

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

BLOB

NO

NO

NO

YES

NO

CLOB

NO

NO

YES

NO

NO

NCLOB

NO

NO

YES

NO

NO

BINARY/ VARBINARY

NO

YES

YES

YES

NO

ROWID

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO


The following rules apply:

  • During arithmetic operations on and comparisons between character and non-character data types, TimesTen converts from any character data type to a numeric or datetime data type as appropriate. In arithmetic operations between CHAR/VARCHAR2 and NCHAR/NVARCHAR2, TimesTen converts to a NUMBER.

  • During arithmetic operations, floating point values INF and NAN are not supported when converting character values to numeric values.

  • During concatenation operations, TimesTen converts non-character data types to CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR2, or NVARCHAR2 depending on the other operand.

  • When comparing a character value with a numeric value, TimesTen converts the character data to a numeric value.

  • When comparing a character value with a datetime value, TimesTen converts the character data to a datetime value.

  • During conversion from a timestamp value to a DATE value, the fractional seconds portion of the timestamp value is truncated.

  • Conversions from BINARY_FLOAT to BINARY_DOUBLE are exact.

  • Conversions from BINARY_DOUBLE to BINARY_FLOAT are inexact if the BINARY_DOUBLE value uses more bits of precision that supported by the BINARY_FLOAT.

  • Conversions between either character values or exact numeric values (TT_TINYINT, TT_SMALLINT, TT_INTEGER, TT_BIGINT, NUMBER) and floating-point values (BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE) can be inexact because the character values and the exact numeric values use decimal precision whereas the floating-point numbers use binary precision.

  • When manipulating numeric values, TimesTen usually adjusts precision and scale to allow for maximum capacity. In such cases, the numeric data type resulting from such operations can differ from the numeric data type found in the underlying tables.

  • When making assignments, TimesTen converts the value on the right side of the equal sign (=) to the data type of the target of the assignment on the left side.

  • When you use a SQL function or operator with an argument of a data type other than the one it accepts, TimesTen converts the argument to the accepted data type as long as TimesTen supports the implicit conversion.

  • During INSERT, INSERT... SELECT, and UPDATE operations, TimesTen converts the value to the data type of the affected column.

  • Implicit and explicit CHAR/VARCHAR2 <-> NCHAR/NVARCHAR2 conversions are supported unless the character set is TIMESTEN8. An example of implicit conversion:

    Command> CREATE TABLE convdemo (c1 CHAR (10), x1 TT_INTEGER);
    Command> CREATE TABLE convdemo2 (c1 NCHAR (10), x2 TT_INTEGER);
    Command> INSERT INTO convdemo VALUES ('ABC', 10);
    1 row inserted.
    Command> INSERT INTO convdemo VALUES ('def', 100);
    1 row inserted.
    Command> INSERT INTO convdemo2 SELECT * FROM convdemo;
    2 rows inserted.
    Command> SELECT x1,x2,convdemo.c1, convdemo2.c1 
           > FROM convdemo, convdemo2 where Convdemo.c1 = convdemo2.c1;
    X1, X2, C1, C1
    < 10, 10, ABC       , ABC        >
    < 100, 100, def       , def        >
    2 rows found.
    

Null values

The value NULL indicates the absence of a value. It is a placeholder for a value that is missing. Use a NULL when the actual value is not known or when a value would not be meaningful. Do not use NULL to represent a numeric value of zero, because they are not equivalent. Any parameter in an expression can contain NULL regardless of its data type. In addition, any column in a table can contain NULL, regardless of its data type, unless you specify NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY integrity constraints for the column when you create the table.

The following properties of NULL affect operations on rows, parameters, or local variables:

  • By default, NULL is sorted as the highest value in a sequence of values. However, you can modify the sort order value for NULL with NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST in the ORDER BY clause.

  • Two NULL values are not equal to each other except in a GROUP BY or SELECT DISTINCT operation.

  • An arithmetic expression containing a NULL evaluates to NULL. In fact, all operators (except concatenation) return NULL when given a NULL operand. For example, (5-col), where col is NULL, evaluates to NULL.

  • To test for NULL, use the comparison conditions IS NULL or IS NOT NULL. Because NULL represents a lack of data, a NULL cannot be equal or unequal to any value or to another NULL. Thus, the statement select * from employees where mgr_id = NULL evaluates to 0, since you cannot use this comparison to NULL. However, the statement select * from employees where mgr_id is NULL provides the CEO of the company, since that is the only employee without a manager. For details, see "IS NULL predicate".

  • You can use the NULL value itself directly as an operand of an operator or predicate. For example, the (1 = NULL) comparison is supported. This is the same as if you cast NULL to the appropriate data type, as follows: (1 = CAST(NULL AS INT)). Both methods are supported and return the same results.

Because of these properties, TimesTen ignores columns, rows, or parameters containing NULL when:

  • Joining tables if the join is on a column containing NULL.

  • Executing aggregate functions.

In several SQL predicates, described in Chapter 5, "Search Conditions," you can explicitly test for NULL. APIs supported by TimesTen offer ways to handle null values. For example, in an ODBC application, use the functions SQLBindCol, SQLBindParameter, SQLGetData, and SQLParamData to handle input and output of NULL values.

INF and NAN

TimesTen supports the IEEE floating-point values Inf (positive infinity), -Inf (negative infinity), and NaN (not a number).

Constant values

You can use constant values in places where a floating-point constant is allowed. The following constants are supported:

  • BINARY_FLOAT_INFINITY

  • -BINARY_FLOAT_INFINITY

  • BINARY_DOUBLE_INFINITY

  • -BINARY_DOUBLE_INFINITY

  • BINARY_FLOAT_NAN

  • BINARY_DOUBLE_NAN

In the following example, a table is created with a column of type BINARY_FLOAT and a column of type TT_INTEGER. BINARY_FLOAT_INFINITY and BINARY_FLOAT_NAN are inserted into the column of type BINARY_FLOAT.

Command> CREATE TABLE bfdemo (id BINARY_FLOAT, Ii2 TT_INTEGER);
Command> INSERT INTO bfdemo VALUES (BINARY_FLOAT_INFINITY, 50);
1 row inserted.
Command> INSERT INTO bfdemo VALUES (BINARY_FLOAT_NAN, 100);
1 row inserted.
Command> SELECT * FROM bfdemo;
< INF, 50 >
< NAN, 100 >
2 rows found.

Primary key values

Inf, -Inf, and NaN are acceptable values in columns defined with a primary key. This is different from NULL, which is not allowed in columns defined with a primary key.

You can only insert Inf, -Inf, and NaN values into BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE columns.

Selecting Inf and NaN (floating-point conditions)

Floating-point conditions determine whether an expression is infinite or is the undefined result of an operation (NaN, meaning not a number).

Consider the following syntax:

Expression IS [NOT] {NAN|INFINITE}

Expression must either resolve to a numeric data type or to a data type that can be implicitly converted to a numeric data type.

The following table describes the floating-point conditions.

Condition Operation Example
IS [NOT] NAN Returns TRUE if Expression is the value NaN when NOT is not specified. Returns TRUE if Expression is not the value NaN when NOT is specified.
SELECT * FROM bfdemo WHERE id IS
NOT NAN;
ID, ID2
< INF, 50 >
1 row found.
IS [NOT] INFINITE Returns TRUE if Expression is the value +Inf or -Inf when NOT is not specified. Returns TRUE if Expression is neither +Inf nor -Inf when NOT is specified.
SELECT * FROM bfdemo WHERE id IS
NOT INFINITE;
ID, ID2
< NAN, 100 >
1 row found.

Note:

The constant keywords represent specific BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE values. The comparison keywords correspond to properties of a value and are not specific to any type, although they can only evaluate to TRUE for BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE types or types that can be converted to BINARY_FLOAT or BINARY_DOUBLE.

The following rules apply to comparisons with Inf and NaN:

  • Comparison between Inf (or -Inf) and a finite value are as expected. For example, 5 > -Inf.

  • (Inf = Inf) and (Inf > -Inf) both evaluate to TRUE.

  • (NaN = NaN) evaluates to TRUE.

In reference to collating sequences:

  • -Inf sorts lower than any other value.

  • Inf sorts lower than NaN and NULL and higher than any other value.

  • NaN sorts higher than Inf.

  • NULL sorts higher than NaN. NULL is always the largest value in any collating sequence.

Expressions involving Inf and NaN

  • Expressions containing floating-point values may generate Inf, -Inf, or NaN. This can occur either because the expression generated overflow or exceptional conditions or because one or more of the values in the expression was Inf, -Inf, or NaN. Inf and NaN are generated in overflow or division-by-zero conditions.

  • Inf, -Inf, and NaN values are not ignored in aggregate functions. NULL values are. If you want to exclude Inf and NaN from aggregates, or from any SELECT result, use both the IS NOT NAN and IS NOT INFINITE predicates.

Overflow and truncation

Some operations can result in data overflow or truncation. Overflow results in an error and can generate Inf. Truncation results in loss of least significant data.

Exact values are truncated only when they are stored in the database by an INSERT or UPDATE statement, and if the target column has smaller scale than the value. TimesTen returns a warning when such truncation occurs. If the value does not fit because of overflow, TimesTen returns the special value Inf and does not insert the specified value.

TimesTen may truncate approximate values during computations, when values are inserted into the database, or when database values are updated. TimesTen returns an error only upon INSERT or UPDATE. When overflow with approximate values occurs, TimesTen returns the special value Inf.

There are several circumstances that can cause overflow:

  • During arithmetic operations, overflow can occur when multiplication results in a number larger than the maximum value allowed in its type. Arithmetic operations are defined in Chapter 3, "Expressions."

  • When aggregate functions are used, overflow can occur when the sum of several numbers exceeds the maximum allowable value of the result type. Aggregate functions are defined in Chapter 3, "Expressions."

  • During type conversion, overflow can also occur when, for example, a TT_INTEGER value is converted to a TT_SMALLINT value.

Truncation can cause an error or warning for alphanumeric or numeric data types, as follows.

  • For character data, an error occurs if a string is truncated because it is too long for its target type. For NCHAR and NVARCHAR2 types, truncation always occurs on Unicode character boundaries. In the NCHAR data types, a single-byte value (half a Unicode character) has no meaning and is not possible.

  • For numeric data, a warning occurs when any trailing nonzero digit is dropped from the fractional part of a numeric value.

Underflow

When an approximate numeric value is too close to zero to be represented by the hardware, TimesTen underflows to zero and returns a truncation warning.

Replication limits

TimesTen places the following limits on the size of data types in a database that is being replicated:

  • VARCHAR2 and VARBINARY columns cannot exceed 4 MB. For character-length semantics, the limit is 4 MB. The database character set determines how many characters can be represented by 4 MB. The minimum number of characters is 1,000,000/ 4 = 250,000 characters.

  • NVARCHAR2 columns cannot exceed 500,000 characters (4 MB).

TimesTen type mode (backward compatibility)

TimesTen supports a data type backward compatibility mode called TimesTen type mode. This is specified using the data store creation attribute TypeMode, where TypeMode=1 indicates TimesTen mode. Type mode determines the default data type. For example, DATE in TimesTen type mode defaults to TT_DATE; DATE in Oracle type mode defaults to ORA_DATE.

For more information on type modes, see "TypeMode" in Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database Reference. For information on data type usage in TimesTen type mode, refer to Oracle TimesTen In-Memory Database API and SQL Reference Guide, Release 6.0.3.

Data types supported in TimesTen type mode

Table 1-9 Data types supported in TimesTen type mode

Data type Description

BIGINT

A signed eight-byte integer in the range -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (-263) to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (263-1)

Alternatively, specify TT_BIGINT.

BINARY(n)

Fixed-length binary value of n bytes. Legal values for n range from 1 to 8300

BINARY data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing zeroes.

BINARY_DOUBLE

A 64-bit floating-point number

BINARY_DOUBLE is a double-precision native floating point number. Supports +Inf, -Inf, and NaN values. BINARY_DOUBLE is an approximate numeric value consisting of an exponent and mantissa. You can use exponential or E-notation. BINARY_DOUBLE has binary precision 53.

Minimum positive finite value: 2.22507485850720E-308

Maximum positive finite value: 1.79769313486231E+308

Alternatively, specify DOUBLE [PRECISION] or FLOAT[(53)].

BINARY_FLOAT

A 32-bit floating-point number

BINARY_FLOAT is a single-precision native floating-point type. Supports +Inf, -Inf, and NaN values. BINARY_FLOAT is an approximate numeric value consisting of an exponent and mantissa. You can use exponential or E-notation. BINARY_FLOAT has binary precision 24.

Minimum positive finite value: 1.17549E-38F

Maximum positive finite value: 3.40282E+38F

Alternatively, specify REAL or FLOAT(24).

CHAR[ACTER][(n [BYTE|CHAR])]

Fixed-length character string of length n bytes or characters

Default is one byte.

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n bytes range from 1 to 8300.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics. The minimum CHAR length is one character. The maximum CHAR length depends on how many characters fit in 8300 bytes. This is determined by the database character set in use. For character set AL32UTF8, up to four bytes per character may be needed, so the CHAR length limit ranges from 2075 to 8300 depending on the character set.

A zero-length string is a valid non-null value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a null value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

CHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing blanks. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

Alternatively, specify TT_CHAR[(n [BYTE|CHAR])].

DATE

Date information: century, year, month, and day

The format is YYYY-MM-DD, where MM is expressed as an integer. For example: 2006-10-28.

Storage size is four bytes.

Valid dates are between 1753-01-01 (January 1,1753) and 9999-12-31 (December 31, 9999).

Alternatively, specify TT_DATE.

DEC[IMAL][(p[,s])] or

NUMERIC[(p[,s])]

An exact numeric value with a fixed maximum precision (total number of digits) and scale (number of digits to the right of the decimal point)

The value of precision p must be between 1 and 40. The value of scale s must be between 0 and p. The default precision is 40 and the default scale is 0.

INTERVAL [+/-] IntervalQualifier

Interval

TimesTen partially supports interval types, expressed with INTERVAL and an IntervalQualifier. An IntervalQualifier can specify only a single field type with no precision. The default leading precision is eight digits for all interval types. The single field type can be one of: YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, or SECOND. Currently, interval types can be specified only with a constant.

NCHAR[(n)]

Fixed-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NCHAR character limits are half the byte limits, so the maximum size is 4150. Default and minimum bytes of storage is 2n (2).

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

NCHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with U+0020 SPACE. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

Alternatively, specify TT_NCHAR[(n)].

NATIONAL CHARACTER and NATIONAL CHAR are synonyms for NCHAR.

SMALLINT

A native signed 16-bit integer in the range -32,768 (-215) to 32,767 (215-1)

Alternatively, specify TT_SMALLINT.

TIME

A time of day between 00:00:00 (midnight) and 23:59:59 (11:59:59 pm), inclusive

The format is: HH:MI:SS. Storage size is eight bytes.

TIMESTAMP

A date and time between 1753-01-01 00:00:00 (midnight on January 1, 1753) and 9999-12-31 23:59:59 pm (11:59:59 pm on December 31, 9999), inclusive

Any values for the fraction not specified in full microseconds result in a "Data Truncated" error. The format is YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF].

Storage size is eight bytes.

Alternatively, specify TT_TIMESTAMP or [TT_]TIMESTAMP(6).

TINYINT

Unsigned integer ranging from 0 to 255 (28-1)

Since TINYINT is unsigned, the negation of a TINYINT is SMALLINT.

Alternatively, specify TT_TINYINT.

INT[EGER]

A signed integer in the range -2,147,483,648 (-231) to 2,147,483,647 (231-1)

Alternatively, specify TT_INTEGER.

NVARCHAR(n)

Variable-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NVARCHAR character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 2,097,152 (221). You must specify n.

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

Alternatively, specify TT_NVARCHAR(n).

NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHAR VARYING, and NCHAR VARYING are synonyms for NVARCHAR.

VARCHAR(n[BYTE|CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length n bytes or characters. You must specify n

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n bytes range from 1 to 4194304 (222).

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics.

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

Alternatively, specify TT_VARCHAR(n[BYTE|CHAR]).

VARBINARY(n)

Variable-length binary value having maximum length n bytes

Legal values for n range from 1 to 4194304 (222).


Oracle data types supported in TimesTen type mode

Table 1-10 Oracle data types supported in TimesTen type mode

Data type Description

NUMBER[(p [,s])]

Number having precision and scale

The precision value ranges from 1 to 38 decimal. The scale value ranges from -84 to 127. Both precision and scale are optional.

If you do not specify a precision or a scale, then maximum precision of 38 and flexible scale are assumed.

NUMBER supports scale > precision and negative scale.

NUMBER stores both zero and positive and negative fixed numbers with absolute values from 1.0 x 10-130 up to but not including 1.0 x 10126. If you specify an arithmetic expression whose value has an absolute value greater than or equal to 1.0 x 10126, then TimesTen returns an error.

In TimesTen type mode, the NUMBER data type stores 10E-89 as its smallest (closest to zero) value.

ORA_CHAR[(n [BYTE|CHAR])]

Fixed-length character string of length n bytes or characters

Default is one byte.

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n bytes range from 1 to 8300.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics. The minimum CHAR length is one character. The maximum CHAR length depends on how many characters fit in 8300 bytes. This is determined by the database character set in use. For character set AL32UTF8, up to four bytes per character may be needed, so the CHAR length limit ranges from 2075 to 8300 depending on the character set.

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

ORA_CHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with trailing blanks. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

ORA_DATE

Date and time information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second

Format is YYYY-MM-DD HHMISS.

Valid date range is from January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

The storage size is seven bytes. There are no fractional seconds.

ORA_NCHAR[(n)]

Fixed-length string of length n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. NCHAR character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 4150. Default and minimum bytes of storage is 2n (2).

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

ORA_NCHAR data is padded to the maximum column size with U+0020 SPACE. Blank-padded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

ORA_NVARCHAR2(n)

Variable-length string of n two-byte Unicode characters

The number of bytes required is 2*n where n is the specified number of characters. ORA_NVARCHAR2 character limits are half the byte limits so the maximum size is 2,097,152 (221). You must specify n.

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

Nonpadded comparison semantics are used.

For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

ORA_VARCHAR2(n[BYTE|CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length n bytes or characters

BYTE indicates that the column has byte-length semantics. Legal values for n bytes range from 1 to 4194304 (222). You must specify n.

CHAR indicates that the column has character-length semantics.

A zero-length string is a valid non-NULL value. The string value "" is an empty, zero-length string, but not a NULL value. However, in PL/SQL, a zero-length string is always considered to be NULL. Therefore, when you use PL/SQL, any empty string parameter in SQL is converted to NULL by PL/SQL before the value is passed to the TimesTen database.

Nonpadded comparison semantics are used. For information on blank-padded and nonpadded semantics, see "Blank-padded and nonpadded comparison semantics".

ORA_TIMESTAMP

[(fractional_seconds_precision)]

Year, month, and day values of the date data type plus hour, minute, and second values of time

Fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the seconds field. Valid date range is from January 1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

The fractional seconds precision range is 0 to 9. The default is 6. Format is:

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS [.FFFFFFFFF]

Storage size is 12 bytes.